ABSTRACT
The efflux of cholesterol from macrophage to liver is known as reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Impairedcholesterol efflux leads to cholesterol accumulation in macrophages. Therefore, how to increasing cholesterol effluxmay be an effective strategy for atherosclerosis prevention. Key molecules that play a vital role in the efflux ofcholesterol from macrophage are Adenosin Tri Phosphate (ATP)-binding casette transporters A1 and G. This study wasundertaken to clarify the effect of Catechins on the expression of specific transporters such as ATP-binding cassettesub-family A member 1 (ABCA1), ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1 (ABCG1) from macrophage to liver,and scavenger receptor class B type I (SRB1). This research was done on Wistar rats induced atherogenic diets. SRB1is one of the transporters to facilitate the delivery of cholesterol from the macrophage to the liver. The SRB1 pathwaymediated the selective uptake of cholesteryl ester. Catechins significantly increased the mRNA expression of ABCA1and ABCG1 in aorta as well as SRB1 of liver also increased. Thus, Catechins decreased the total cholesterol levels inaorta and serum. Catechins can be developed as a potential agent to increase ABCA1 to inhibit atherogenesis process.In conclusion, this study indicates that the potential anti-atherogenic properties of Catechins could be explained, atleast in part, as being due to upregulated expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SRB1 through activation liver X receptorsignaling pathway
ABSTRACT
The efflux of cholesterol from macrophage to liver is known as reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Impairedcholesterol efflux leads to cholesterol accumulation in macrophages. Therefore, how to increasing cholesterol effluxmay be an effective strategy for atherosclerosis prevention. Key molecules that play a vital role in the efflux ofcholesterol from macrophage are Adenosin Tri Phosphate (ATP)-binding casette transporters A1 and G. This study wasundertaken to clarify the effect of Catechins on the expression of specific transporters such as ATP-binding cassettesub-family A member 1 (ABCA1), ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1 (ABCG1) from macrophage to liver,and scavenger receptor class B type I (SRB1). This research was done on Wistar rats induced atherogenic diets. SRB1is one of the transporters to facilitate the delivery of cholesterol from the macrophage to the liver. The SRB1 pathwaymediated the selective uptake of cholesteryl ester. Catechins significantly increased the mRNA expression of ABCA1and ABCG1 in aorta as well as SRB1 of liver also increased. Thus, Catechins decreased the total cholesterol levels inaorta and serum. Catechins can be developed as a potential agent to increase ABCA1 to inhibit atherogenesis process.In conclusion, this study indicates that the potential anti-atherogenic properties of Catechins could be explained, atleast in part, as being due to upregulated expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SRB1 through activation liver X receptorsignaling pathway.
ABSTRACT
Clinically, type 1 diabetes may presents as type 2 diabetes which sometimes not easily differentiated. Perhaps only autoimmune markers of β-cells destruction could differentiate those two clinical conditions. Due to extremely high cost ( $ 150/test), examination of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 auto-antibodies (anti-GAD65Abs) may not be routinely performed in most, if not all, clinical laboratories in Indonesia. Hence, the production of anti-GAD65 Abs reagent in Indonesia may reduce the cost and improve the quality of diabetes care in Indonesia. We produce reagent to detect anti-GAD65-Abs using bovine brain tissue as source of GAD enzyme in 3 steps. Step 1, isolation, purification of GAD65 from bovine brain tissue and used it as a primary antigen to stimulate the generation of anti-GAD65 antibodies in Wistar rat. Step 2, the purified GAD65 antibodies were than used as a secondary antibody to induce the production of anti-anti-GAD65-antibodies in Wistar rat and rabbit. Step 3. Labeling anti-anti GAD65-antibodies with alkaline phoshpatase and peroxidase, and detecting anti-GAD65Abs previously detected using commercial kit. The anti-anti-GAD65- antibodies reagent produced in our laboratories successfully identify anti-GAD65-Abs of type 1 diabetic patients previously detected with commercial reagent.